1. W95-11D.ZIP Driver
2. SECRETS.TXT File Contents

SECRETS.TXT Driver File Contents (W95-11D.ZIP)

			     AXCEL216's MAX Speeed
		MS-DOS 5.00 - 8.00 Undocumented + Hidden Secrets




My DOS Secrets are also available at:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/secrets.htm

Some of these HIDDEN/UNDOCUMENTED MS-DOS commands might save your "computing
life" one day, as they have saved mine.

WARNING: ALWAYS BACKUP ALL YOUR HARD DRIVES TO A SAFE LOCATION BEFORE USING
	 ANY DISK PARTITIONING OR FORMATTING TOOLS !

Please send me your comments, corrections, tips at:
axcel216@aol.com

MUST HAVE from SOFTWARE.TXT (included) [99.99% FREE(ware)]:
- MS-DOS 5.00 - 8.00 ESSENTIALS:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/dos.htm
- Speeed-Up + BenchMark Tools:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/speed.htm


SECRETS.TXT Contents: [alphabetical order]


COMMAND.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
1. COMMAND /D
2. COMMAND /F
3. COMMAND /T
4. COMMAND /Z

EMM386.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
   DEVICE=drive:\path\EMM386.EXE NOTR

FAT16 -> FAT32

FAT32 DISK PARTITIONING, FORMATTING + RECOVERY TOOLS

FDISK.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
 1. FDISK /FPRMT
 2. FDISK x /PRI:n (/PRIO:n) /EXT:n /LOG:n (/LOGO:n)
 3. FDISK /MBR
 4. FDISK /Q
 5. FDISK /STATUS
 6. FDISK /X
 7. FDISK /ACTOK
 8. FDISK /CMBR x
 9. FDISK /PARTN
10. FDISK /PRMT

FORMAT.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
1. FORMAT drive: /AUTOTEST
2. FORMAT drive: /BACKUP
3. FORMAT drive: /SELECT
4. FORMAT drive: /U
5. FORMAT drive: /SELECT /U
6. FORMAT drive: /Z:n

HIMEM.SYS HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
   DEVICE=drive:\path\HIMEM.SYS /Q

MEM.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
   MEM /A

VER HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
   VER /R

WIN.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS:
1. WIN /MQ
2. WIN /W
3. WIN /WX
4. WIN /Z
5. WIN :


MS-DOS Commands on the Internet:
- Undocumented DOS Commands:
http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/MICROSOFT/dosundoc.txt
- NOTES ON MS-DOS 6.22 + BATCH programming on Win9X:
http://2dos.homepage.dk/batutil/help/INDEX.HTM
- MS-Dos7 Commands:
http://home7.inet.tele.dk/batfiles/msdos7/
- DOS 7 COMMANDS:
http://www.generation.net/~hleboeuf/dos7comm.htm
- MSDOS Help + Commands:
http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm
- Essential DOS Commands + Concepts:
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/tips/doshelp.html
- DOS Command Index:
http://www.easydos.com/dosindex.html
- MS-DOS v6.22 Help Command Reference:
http://www.vfrazee.com/ms-dos/6.22/help/
- Internal DOS Commands:
http://dos.rsvs.net/DOSPAGE/DOS_IC.HTM
- External DOS Commands:
http://dos.rsvs.net/DOSPAGE/DOS_EX.HTM
- DOS Commands:
http://www.uv.tietgen.dk/staff/mlha/PC/Soft/DOS/com/
- MS-DOS Reference:
http://www.nukesoft.co.uk/msdos/
- MS TechNet Archive => click left side [+] MSDOS link:
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/
- See DOSTIPS.TXT (included) for more DOS links.
______________________________________________________________________________



			COMMAND.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS



COMMAND.COM is the MS-DOS mode command line interpreter, located by default in
%winbootdir% + %winbootdir%\COMMAND (default is C:\WINDOWS +
C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND) [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00], C:\DOS
or C:\MSDOS [MS-DOS 5.00/6.xx]. Another copy of COMMAND.COM may exist in C:\
root.
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the COMMAND.COM command line switches (the
documented ones anyway):
- Windows 95/98/ME users: use Notepad to read the "SHELL" topic from
CONFIG.TXT, a text file located in your Windows folder.
- All Windows/DOS users: run:
COMMAND /?
at any DOS prompt to display the COMMAND.COM help screen.
- MS-DOS 6.xx users: run this command from a DOS prompt:
HELP COMMAND
and read the topic.
- More info:
http://www.robvanderwoude.com/command.html
- See also "COMMAND.COM" in TIPS95.TXT [part of W95-11D.EXE]:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/95.htm
or in MYTIPS31.TXT [part of W31-11D.ZIP]:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/31.htm
All COMMAND.COM parameters listed below can be used on the CONFIG.SYS file
SHELL= line (primary permanent shell):
SHELL=C:\COMMAND.COM C:\ /E:512 /D /F /T /Z
on a Windows PIF file (MS-DOS Prompt application) command line, in batch
files, or/and at the plain DOS prompt (secondary shell, which can be made
permanent if adding the /P switch).

In MS-DOS 5.00 - 6.22 you can use this undocumented workaround to force
COMMAND.COM to load "high", which requires an upper memory manager in
CONFIG.SYS, like EMM386.EXE or UMBPCI.SYS. Example:
SHELL=C:\COMMAND.COM /C LOADHIGH=C:\COMMAND.COM C:\ /E:512 /P
This works ONLY IF:
- a copy of your COMMAND.COM file resides in C:\ root (for compatibility with
older DOS programs/games that expect to find the command interpreter in the
root directory of your boot drive/partition);
- ALL your "SET <variable>=" lines are placed/moved into your AUTOEXEC.BAT
file from CONFIG.SYS (MS-DOS 6.00 - 6.22 ONLY);
- this command exists as your first AUTOEXEC.BAT line:
SET COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM
- UMBs are enabled by this CONFIG.SYS line so COMMAND.COM (or ANY other
device/driver/TSR) can load in UMA:
DOS=HIGH,UMB
DISADVANTAGE: In some cases a second copy of COMMAND.COM remains resident in
(upper) memory. :(
More details:
http://www.robvanderwoude.com/dosmem.html
In MS-DOS 7.00 - 8.00 [a.k.a. Windows 95/98/ME] this function is built into
IO.SYS, and COMMAND.COM loads in UMA (Upper Memory Area) automatically ONLY IF
UMBs (Upper Memory Blocks) are provided by an upper memory manager like
EMM386.EXE or UMBPCI.SYS, and IF the line "DOS=HIGH,UMB" exists in CONFIG.SYS.


1. COMMAND /D [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


COMMAND /D (DENY) performs different actions depending on the MS-DOS version:
- in MS-DOS 5.00: used on the CONFIG.SYS file SHELL= line prevents the
execution of the AUTOEXEC.BAT file (if present) at bootup.
- in MS-DOS 6.xx and 7.xx/8.00 [a.k.a. MS Windows 9x/ME]: disables the
automatic floppy "Fail" response if enabled by the /F (FAIL) parameter (see
"COMMAND /F" below).


2. COMMAND /F [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


COMMAND /F (FAIL) removes the "Abort, Retry, Fail" message and forces a "Fail"
response to all "Abort, Retry, Fail" prompts issued by the DOS critical error
handler. If the floppy disk is not ready it automatically goes to "Fail".


3. COMMAND /T [Windows 95 + MS-DOS 7.00 and above ONLY]


COMMAND /T forces the COMMAND.COM resident module to load permanently in low
memory (below the 640K barrier), even if the Upper Memory Area (UMA) is
enabled by an upper memory manager (i.e. EMM386.EXE or UMBPCI.SYS) from
CONFIG.SYS.
Using /T in combination with the /P (PERMANENT) parameter, ONLY from the DOS
prompt or in batch files (NOT from the CONFIG.SYS SHELL= line), also executes
the AUTOEXEC.BAT file (if present), besides forcing the COMMAND.COM resident
module to load permanently in low memory.
WARNING: Using /T on the CONFIG.SYS SHELL= line may lock up Windows 9x/ME GUI
upon shut down!


4. COMMAND /Z [Windows 95 + MS-DOS 7.00 and above ONLY]


COMMAND /Z (ZERO) displays the "ERRORLEVEL" return code messages after
executing external DOS commands (internal DOS commands do not display error
codes in this manner).
You'll see a message like this when using the /Z parameter (errorlevel 0 is
the normal/default return code):

"Microsoft(R) Windows 95
(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp 1981-1999.
Return code (ERRORLEVEL): 0
WARNING: Reloaded COMMAND.COM transient"



			EMM386.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS



EMM386.EXE is the Microsoft upper/extended/expanded memory manager, located by
default in C:\WINDOWS [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00], C:\DOS
or C:\MSDOS [MS-DOS 5.00/6.xx].
EMM386.EXE can be loaded ONLY in CONFIG.SYS using the DEVICE command. Example:
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\EMM386.EXE RAM I=B000-B7FF D=256 AUTO NOTR
The EMM386.EXE DEVICE line MUST appear in Config.sys AFTER the HIMEM.SYS line,
and BEFORE ANY other device drivers loaded with DEVICE, DEVICEHIGH, INSTALL or
INSTALLHIGH.
Running:
EMM386
from a DOS prompt, displays the EMM386 status.
EMM386.EXE provides access to the Upper Memory Area (UMA), uses the computer's
extended memory to simulate expanded memory and allows programs and device
drivers to load into Upper Memory Blocks (UMBs).
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the EMM386.EXE command line switches (the
documented ones anyway):
- Windows 95/98/ME users: use Notepad to read the "EMM386.EXE" topic in
MSDOSDRV.TXT, a text file located in your Windows folder.
- MS-DOS 6.xx users: run this command from any DOS prompt:
HELP EMM386.EXE
and read the topic.
- See also the EMM386.EXE related topics in MEMORY.TXT + EMM386.TXT (both
included).


DEVICE=drive:\path\EMM386.EXE NOTR [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


The EMM386.EXE default detection code searches for the presence of a Token
Ring Network adapter, which may cause some computers to hang. In such cases
use the NOTR parameter to disable this search.
This is valid ONLY for EMM386.EXE versions 4.45 - 4.49 [MS-DOS 6.00 - 6.22] up
to 4.95 [MS Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00]. Example:
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\EMM386.EXE NOTR



				FAT16 -> FAT32



FAT16 [R.I.P.! :-)] is the most used File Allocation Table (FAT) 16-bit
standard on "Wintel" PCs, recognized by all MS-DOS releases beginning with
4.00 (released back in 1991), and by all MS Windows versions.
MS-DOS releases older than 4.00 used to operate with the obsolete FAT12
standard, discontinued, but still in use by the ol' floppy disk(ette)
standard. :(
FAT12 is [was :)] able to handle disk partitions only up to 16 MB using 4 KB
clusters.
FYI:
Officially Microsoft implemented FAT16 only begining with MS-DOS 4.00 (through
extended partitions larger than 32 MB), but unofficially FAT16 was already
implemented in MS-DOS 3.3. FDISK.EXE supports extended partitions (the only
way to take advantage of FAT16 at the time) begining with MS-DOS 3.3 (up to a
total of 128 MB), but FORMAT.COM supports partitions larger than 32 MB only
begining with MS-DOS 4.00. MS-DOS 3.3 FORMAT.COM supported partitions only up
to 16 MB (FAT12), even if FAT16 was already available. :(
Further reading: "Upgrading and Repairing PCs" book by Scott Mueller, second
edition, page 653.
[Thank you Mr. Nobby!]
FAT16 limitations:
* maximum partition size = 2 GigaBytes (GB) = 2,048 MegaBytes (MB);
* maximum number of root directory file entries allowed = 512 (same as FAT12);
* (too) large cluster size, which wastes a lot of disk space, by allocating at
least 1 cluster to each file on disk, even if a file is at least 1 byte in
length.
Note that 0 byte files (same as directories/folders) do NOT take ANY disk
space, but each directory entry (32 Bytes on FAT32) occupies a separate FAT
entry. Moreover, Long File Names (LFNs) files and folders occupy an additional
LFN FAT entry.
Another example: a 33 KB file has 2 clusters assigned on a disk partition with
32 KB clusters, thus wasting 31 KB, because the same cluster canNOT be shared
among separate files or folders:

Partition size:		FAT16 Cluster size:
-------------------------------------------
   0 -  127 MB		 2 KB =  2048 B
 128 -  255 MB		 4 KB =  4096 B
 256 -  511 MB		 8 KB =  8192 B
 512 - 1023 MB		16 KB = 16384 B
1024 - 2047 MB		32 KB = 32768 B

In 1996 Microsoft introduced a new File Allocation Table standard called
FAT32 (32-bit), which extends these limits:
* FAT32 (first version) released beginning with MS Windows 95B OSR 2.0,
supports partitions up to 2 TeraBytes (TB) = 2,048 GB = 2,097,152 MB
(theoretical + new practical limit);
* FAT32X (second version) released beginning with MS Windows 95C OSR 2.5
(1997), features eXtended support for hard drives larger than 8 GB (with more
than 1023 cylinders, 255 heads and 63 sectors), using the BIOS interrupt 13
(INT13h) LBA (Logical Block Addressing) extension (on Pentium class and newer
chipsets that support this BIOS feature), for a total of 28 bits of addressing
a maximum of 137 GB of hard disk capacity (old practical limit).
Newer PC mainboards add eXtended support for drives larger than 137 GB, using
the new BIOS interrupt 13 (INT13h) LBA (Logical Block Addressing) extension
(on Pentium III/IV class and newer chipsets that support this BIOS feature),
for a total of 48 bits of addressing a maximum of 2 TB of hard disk capacity
(new practical limit);
* supports unlimited number of root directory file entries;
* smaller, more efficient cluster size, without noticeable performance
degradation:

Partition size:		FAT32/FAT32X Cluster size:
--------------------------------------------------
    0 -   259 MB	512 B [*]
  260 -   511 MB	  1 KB =  1024 B [*]
  512 -  8191 MB	  4 KB =  4096 B
 8192 - 16383 MB	  8 KB =  8192 B
16384 - 32767 MB	 16 KB = 16384 B
32768 MB -  2 TB	 32 KB = 32768 B

[*] = ONLY if using: FORMAT drive: /Z:n -> see "FORMAT drive: /Z:n" below!

Therefore FAT32 wastes a lot less disk space, preserving speedy disk access at
the same time.
More info @ MSKB:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=69912

NOTE: You MUST be using Windows 95B/95C OSR 2.0 - 2.5, 98/98 SE(U) [a.k.a.
MS-DOS 7.10], ME [a.k.a. MS-DOS 8.00], 2000, XP or 2003 [no MS-DOS here :)] to
take advantage of FAT32!

PROs + CONs:
* Larger cluster size means faster disk access, but more disk overhead (wasted
clusters), and less space for stored files, opposite to:
* Smaller cluster size means slower disk access, but less disk overhead
(wasted clusters), and more space for stored files.
FYI: The performance hit for using FAT32(X) depends on the speed of your CPU,
CPU-to-PCI + PCI-to-IDE/SCSI bus bandwidth, disk controller capabilities and
hard disk subsystem transfer rates + access times.
See also this FAT16/FAT32 versus NTFS/NTFS5 comparison:
http://www.ntfs.com/ntfs_vs_fat.htm

NEWS:
Microsoft announced a new FAT system called WinFS (Windows Future Storage),
which will be part of the upcoming release of Windows 2004 (code name
"Longhorn") OS:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/chats/vstudio/vstudio_121802.asp

KNOWN BUGS + FIXES:
1. Microsoft acknowledged in this MSKB article:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=246818
that Windows 95 retail, 95a OSR1 + 95B/95C OSR 2.x do NOT support disk drives
larger than 32 GB. :(
2. Windows 98 retail, 98 SP1 + 98 SE(U) provide built-in support for media
drives > 32 GB, but ONLY IF you install the fixed ESDI_506.PDR that allows
ScanDskw.exe to properly recognize (E)IDE/(Ultra)ATA hard disk clusters
beyond cluster number 967,393 [U.S. English patch]:
http://download.microsoft.com/download/win98SE/Update/5638-6151/W98/EN-US/243450USA8.EXE
More info:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=243450
3. The ONLY Microsoft Operating Systems that natively support drives larger
than 32 GB (to date) are Windows NT 4.0, 2000, ME, XP + 2003.
4. Make sure your motherboard BIOS supports hard disks larger than 137 GB
(48-bit LBA function). Always "flash" your BIOS using the current BIOS update
from your mainboard vendor's web/ftp site.

FAT32/FAT32X, 8/32 GB BIOS limits, techno details + specs:
- MSKB: "Description of FAT32 File System":
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=154997
- MSKB: "Description of FAT32 File System in Windows XP":
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=310525
- MSKB: "Limitations of FAT32 File System":
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=184006
- MSKB: "Limitations of FAT32 File System in Windows XP":
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=314463
- MS HWDEV: "FAT32 on Preinstalled Systems":
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/archive/devdes/fat32preinstall.asp
- FAT32 Resource Page:
http://www.project9.com/fat32/
- WinPlanet: Safely Take Advantage of FAT32:
http://www.winplanet.com/winplanet/reports/502/1/
- Getting Beyond the ATA 8.4 GB Limit:
http://www.microsense.com/Beyond-84.htm
- The Partition Primer:
http://www.ranish.com/part/primer.htm
- PowerLoad: FAT32, FDISK + FORMAT Guide:
http://www.powerload.fsnet.co.uk/fat32/fat32.htm
- FAT32 Information:
http://www.computerhope.com/fat32.htm
- Partitions + File Systems:
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jeacocke/
- BIOS IDE Harddisk Limitations:
http://web.inter.nl.net/hcc/J.Steunebrink/bioslim.htm



	  FAT32 DISK PARTITIONING, FORMATTING + RECOVERY TOOLS



* FDISK.EXE is a 16-bit DOS based command line driven tool, the "de facto"
Microsoft partitioning utility, located in %winbootdir%\COMMAND (default is
C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND) [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00] or in
the MS-DOS 6.xx directory (default is C:\DOS or C:\MSDOS) [MS-DOS 6.00 -
6.22].
Its purpose is to display boot, disk and partition information, modify
existing partitions, create new ones and/or delete the ones you want on all
installed fixed hard disk(s), but ONLY WITH COMPLETE DATA LOSS! :(
Starting with Windows 95B OSR 2.0 FDISK has the capability of creating FAT32
partitions of minimum 512 MB on existent drive(s), and of converting your
current FAT16 partitions to FAT32, but NOT the other way around WITHOUT
COMPLETE DATA LOSS!
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the FDISK.EXE command line switches (the
documented ones anyway), run one of these commands from any DOS prompt:
FDISK /?
or:
HELP FDISK
to display the FDISK.EXE help screen.
More details:
- MSKB: How to Use the Fdisk and Format Tools to (Re)Partition a Hard Disk:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867
- Undocumented FDISK:
http://www.bharucha.com/tp701/fdiskSecrets.html
- FDISK Information:
http://www.fdisk.com/fdisk/
- FDISK Undocumented Switches:
http://www.geocities.com/thestarman3/asm/mbr/switches.htm
- FDISK: The Built In Partitioning Tool:
http://members.bellatlantic.net/~mrscary/fdisk.htm
- FDISK Command:
http://www.computerhope.com/fdiskhlp.htm
- FDISK:
http://www.robvanderwoude.com/fdisk.html
- Radified FDISK Guide:
http://fdisk.radified.com/
- Using FDISK:
http://home7.inet.tele.dk/batfiles/msdos7/fdisk1.htm
- Hard Disk Partitioning:
http://www.oakroadsystems.com/tech/hd-partn.htm

* Another Windows 95B/95C OSR 2.x, 98 and ME FAT32 conversion DOS mode 16-bit
tool comes also from Microsoft:
CVT.EXE [62 KB, free, unsupported]:
ftp://ftp.externet.hu/pub/mirror/sac/utildisk/cvt16-32.zip
More info:
http://www.csonline.net/bpaddock/cvtfat32/cvtfat32.htm
CVT.EXE preserves disk data integrity. Requires to specify the drive letter to
convert. Running CVT without command line parameters displays the help screen.
Windows 98/ME users can find CVT.EXE in %winbootdir%\COMMAND (usually
C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND).
The Win98/98 SE version of CVT.EXE may NOT work from native MS-DOS! In this
case use the Windows GUI version (Cvt1.exe = see below).
The undocumented /CVT32 parameter works ONLY with the Win98/98 SP1/98 SE(U)
version of CVT.EXE and allows FAT32 conversion in native MS-DOS mode. Example:
CVT.EXE D: /CVT32
More info:
http://www.maxpages.com/nanotechnology/Tips_7/
How to use the WinME version of CVT.EXE:
http://www.md4pc.com/questions/36.htm
[Thank you Emmanuel (erpmanila3w@hotmail.com)!]
You canNOT convert a FAT32 partition back to FAT16 using CVT!
CVT requires a minimum of 500 KB of free DOS memory. To avoid error messages
like:
"Not enough memory (system) resources"
while running CVT, disable the loading of some of your DOS mode devices/TSRs,
by adding REM in front of the respective lines in your CONFIG.SYS and/or
AUTOEXEC.BAT, or use an upper memory manager (like MS EMM386.EXE or
UMBPCI.SYS) to load them all "high", in upper memory (UMA). Edit your startup
files using EDIT.COM in DOS or Notepad in Windows. Reboot when done.

* Windows 98, 98 SE(U) and ME include a graphical FAT32 conversion tool
(Cvt1.exe, located in %windir% = default is C:\WINDOWS), capable of converting
your existing FAT16 partitions to FAT32 (528 MB minimum size), but NOT the
other way around!
Cvt1.exe actually provides a front end (GUI) to running the CVT.EXE DOS mode
tool (see above), also included with Win98/98 SE(U)/ME (in
C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND), but adds extensive help to guide you through the entire
process.
To access the FAT32 conversion tool: click the Start button -> Programs ->
Accessories -> System Tools -> FAT32 Converter.

* To create FAT32 partitions smaller than 528 MB or to convert FAT16
partitions to FAT32 and BACK:
- WITH data loss: see the UNDOCUMENTED FDISK parameters below.
- WITHOUT data loss: get a 3rd party [free(ware)] utility like:

* Ranish Partition Manager v2.43 Beta 16-bit for DOS creates, deletes,
resizes and formats FAT16/FAT32 hard disk partitions, includes Advanced Boot
Manager:
http://www.ranish.com/part/
Direct download [169 KB, postcardware]:
http://www.ranish.com/part/partbeta.zip

* Partition Resizer v1.3.4 16-bit for DOS + Windows 9x/ME
(re)partitions/resizes FAT16/FAT32 hard disk partitions up to 2 TB (TeraBytes)
without data loss, supports advanced command line options:
http://www.zeleps.com/
Direct download [97 KB, freeware]:
http://194.219.136.116/Zeleps/Files/PRESZ134.ZIP

* FIPS v2.0 16-bit for DOS FAT32 dynamic nondestructive hard disk
(re)partitioner:
http://www.igd.fhg.de/~aschaefe/fips/
Direct download [158 KB, free GPL]:
http://www.igd.fhg.de/~aschaefe/fips/fips20.zip
Courtesy of Tony Melius (Tony.Melius@qed.qld.gov.au).

* Free FDISK v1.2.1 16-bit [also part of FreeDOS: http://www.freedos.org/]
improved Microsoft FDISK.EXE replacement for DOS partitions/resizes hard disks
up to 180 GB, supports Microsoft's FDISK undocumented parameters (see below),
FAT32 and non-DOS partitions, extended command line for batch disk cloning,
includes BootEasy compact multiboot loader, highly customizable:
http://www.23cc.com/free-fdisk/
Direct download [192 KB, free GPL]:
http://ffdisk.webaps.de/fdisk121.zip
Courtesy of Brian Reifsnyder (reifsnyderb@mindspring.com) author of Free
FDISK.

* XFDisk v0.9.3 Beta 16-bit for DOS, Win9x/NT/2000/ME/XP, Linux and OS/2
partitions/resizes hard disks up to 1 TB, includes Boot Manager:
http://www.mecronome.de/xfdisk/
Direct download [41 KB, free GPL, English]:
http://www.mecronome.de/xfdisk/files/xfd093en.zip

* Symantec GDISK.EXE v1.1.1 16-bit improved Microsoft FDISK.EXE replacement
for MS-DOS 5/6, Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP and Unix/Linux creates/deletes,
(un)hides and (un)formats hard disk partitions, supports FAT16, FAT32, NTFS
and ext2:
http://www.drd.dyndns.org/gdisk.html
Direct download [175 KB, free]:
http://www.drd.dyndns.org/softlib/utils/gdisk.zip
More info:
http://service1.symantec.com/SUPPORT/ghost.nsf/docid/1998081911285525/

* TestDisk v4.3 16-bit for DOS, Win9x/NT/2000/ME/XP, Linux, BeOS, FreeBSD
and NetWare checks/undeletes deleted/lost hard disk partitions:
http://www.cgsecurity.org/testdisk.html
Direct download [395 KB, free GPL]:
http://www.cgsecurity.org/testdisk-4.3.zip

* PowerQuest Partition Magic v8.0 32 + 16 bit for Windows
9x/NT/2000/ME/XP/2003, MS-DOS 5/6, OS/2 + Linux (retail):
http://www.powerquest.com/partitionmagic/
the ultimate hard disk partitioning tool, creates, deletes, moves, resizes,
copies, merges, formats, converts, restores "on-the-fly" ANY hard disk
partitions up to 2 TB (TeraBytes) without data loss, from an intuitive
interface. You can even safely copy entire partitions to the destination of
your choice, provided you have enough disk space. :)
Includes PQ Boot Manager for Windows.
Supports: FAT16 [Win9x/NT/2000/ME/XP/2003 + DOS], FAT32
[Win98/OSR2/2000/ME/XP/2003], NTFS [WinNT/2000/XP/2003], NTFS5
[Win2000/XP/2003], HPFS [OS/2] + ext2/ext3 [Linux].

* PowerQuest Partition Table + Boot Record Info + Editing tools 16 + 32 bit
(free):
http://www.geocities.com/thestarman3/tool/FreeTools.html#PARTINFO
- PartInfo (PARTINFO.EXE) 16-bit for MS-DOS 5/6 [117 KB]:
ftp://ftp.powerquest.com/pub/utilities/partinfo.zip
- PartInfo (PARTIN9X.EXE) 32-bit for Windows 9x/ME [346 KB]:
ftp://ftp.powerquest.com/pub/utilities/PartIn9x.zip
- PartInfo (PARTINNT.EXE) 32-bit for Windows NT/2000/XP [350 KB]:
ftp://ftp.powerquest.com/pub/utilities/PartInNT.zip
- PartEdit (PTEDIT.EXE) 16-bit for MS-DOS 5/6 [398 KB]:
ftp://ftp.powerquest.com/pub/utilities/ptedit.zip
- PartEdit (PTEDIT32.EXE) 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP [174 KB]:
ftp://ftp.powerquest.com/pub/utilities/PTEDIT32.zip

* BootPart v2.50 32-bit for Windows NT/2000/XP adds extra/hidden OS/2 + Linux
partitions to the Boot Menu by creating boot sector files in C:\ root (which
MUST be FAT16!):
http://www.winimage.com/bootpart.htm
Direct download [27 KB, freeware, English]:
http://www.winimage.com/bootpa25.zip

* SavePart v2.60 16-bit partition copy/save/restore tool for DOS, saves
entire partitions as files provided enough free space, supports FAT16,
FAT32, NTFS, ext2, ext3, highly customizable:
http://perso.club-internet.fr/guiboure/en/index_frame.html
Direct download [317 KB, freeware, English]:
http://perso.club-internet.fr/guiboure/savepart.zip

* Microsoft DelPart 16-bit [part of Windows NT 3.1 Resource Kit] for Windows
NT/2000/XP + DOS deletes (hidden) NTFS drives/partitions:
http://www.russelltexas.com/delpart.htm
Direct download [4 MB, free]:
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/bussys/winnt/winnt-public/reskit/nt31/i386/reskit.exe

* MBRWork v1.07b 16-bit MBR/EMBR save/restore tool for MS-DOS 5/6 + Windows
9x/ME:
http://www.terabyteunlimited.com/utilities.html
Direct download [16 KB, freeware]:
http://www.terabyteunlimited.com/downloads/MBRWORK.ZIP

* SRC Tools R5 16-bit boot/MBR/FAT16/FAT32 save/restore tools for MS-DOS 5/6
+ Windows 9x/ME [9 KB, freeware]:
http://members.aol.com/files4u/SRCTOOLS.ZIP

* FORMAT.EXE v0.90 16-bit [also part of FreeDOS: http://www.freedos.org/]
improved Microsoft FORMAT.COM replacement for MS-DOS 5/6 + Windows 9x/ME [66
KB, free GPL]:
http://www.23cc.com/programs/xmat090.zip

* Diskman v4.0 RC1b 16-bit for MS-DOS 5/6 + Windows 9x/ME features: search,
edit, manipulate, create, format FAT boot sectors and drives/partitions,
backup/restore LFNs, highly customizable:
http://diskman.no-ip.com/
Direct download [95 KB, freeware, requires free registration!]:
http://diskman.no-ip.com/asp/login.asp

* DRVEXCH.COM v0.4.2 16-bit TSR for MS-DOS 5/6 + Windows 9x/ME
reassigns/swaps drive/partition letters according to physical hard disk
numbers:
http://www.bttr-software.de/drvexch/
Direct download [14 KB, free GPL]:
http://www.bttr-software.de/drvexch/drvexchb.zip

* Drive Rescue v1.9d 32-bit [discontinued :(] for Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP
hard drive data recovery tool and disk editor, supports FAT16, FAT32, NTFS,
highly customizable:
http://www.norman.riel.com/downloads.htm
Direct download [985 KB, freeware]:
http://downloads.planetmirror.com/pub/majorgeeks/drives/rescue.zip
Recovery Tips DOC [100 KB, free]:
http://www.norman.riel.com/downloads/tips.zip

* Restorer2000 Free DEMO v2.0 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP restores
deleted files < 64 KB, supports FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, highly customizable:
http://www.restorer2000.com/
Direct download [1.31 MB, freeware]:
http://www.bitmart.net/dwnld/r2k_demo.exe

* PC Inspector File Recovery v3.0 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP
restores deleted files even if removed from Recycle Bin, supports FAT12,
FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, highly customizable:
http://www.pcinspector.de/file_recovery/uk/
Direct download [2.81 MB, freeware]:
http://www.pcinspector.de/file_recovery/uk/url.htm

* Restoration v2.5.14 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP restores deleted
files even if removed from Recycle Bin, supports FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, highly
customizable:
http://hccweb1.bai.ne.jp/~hcj58401/
Direct download [193 KB, freeware]:
http://hccweb1.bai.ne.jp/~hcj58401/REST2514.EXE

* HDCopy v2.104 16-bit DOS tool for Windows 9x/ME copies entire fixed
drive/partition to any other available FAT16/FAT32 formatted fixed
drive/partition only if target drive equal to or larger than source drive:
http://home.tiscali.de/kurtzimmermann/hdcopy_e.htm
Direct download [121 KB, freeware]:
http://people.freenet.de/zsoft/HDCopy.exe

* Ontrack Data Advisor v5.0 16-bit DOS hard disk low level diagnostic and
recovery tool for MS-DOS 5/6 and Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP:
http://www.ontrack.com/dataadvisor/
Direct download [1.9 MB, free]:
http://www.ontrack.com/freesoftware/DC500.exe

* Disk Investigator v1.2 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP displays all
hidden hard disk info by bypassing the OS: true contents, raw sectors,
directories, files, clusters + system sectors, undeletes previously deleted
files, highly customizable:
http://www.theabsolute.net/sware/dskinv.html
Direct download [535 KB, freeware]:
http://www.theabsolute.net/sware/files/dskinv.exe

* Stats 2000 v1.8 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP displays detailed hard
disk statistics in 3D graphical format, highly customizable:
http://www.contactplus.com/products/freestuff/stats.htm
Direct download [772 KB, freeware]:
http://www243.pair.com/contplus/stats.exe

* EyeDrives v3.4 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP displays free, used +
total disk space on all installed floppy, hard, CD/DVD, optical, removable,
backup, network etc drives/partitions, memory and resource usage:
http://www.softtalon.com/ST_eyedrives.html
Direct download [1.12 MB, freeware]:
http://ftp.uni-koeln.de/pc/win32/dskutl/eyedrv34.zip

* Drive Scanner v2.6 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP displays files +
directories usage on all installed floppy, hard, CD/DVD, optical, removable,
backup, network etc drives/partitions in a pie chart:
http://www.steffengerlach.de/freeware/
Direct download [162 KB, freeware]:
http://www.steffengerlach.de/freeware/scn2.zip

* Backup4All v1.3.0 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP/2003 is one of the
most powerful disk + file backup + restore tools: Backup Wizard, Backup
Scheduler, multiple file filter sets, incremental backups, multiple scheduled
backups, customizable ZIP compression levels, customizable restores also
supported by standard unzipping tools, supports all local and mapped network
drive letters, UNC paths and removable media, CD-R(W)/DVD-R(W) etc, highly
customizable:
http://www.backup4all.com/
Direct download [2.08 MB, freeware]:
http://www.backup4all.com/Downloads/b4all130.zip

* ImageMaker v1.1 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP/2003 backs up/restores
hard drives/partitions by creating disk images independent of file system/OS,
target drive must be equal to or larger than source drive, includes Disk
Management Control Panel applet, highly customizable:
http://www.disk-tools.com/imagemaker.htm
Direct download [495 KB, freeware]:
http://www.sevenhillsdev.com/imgmaker.exe

* Eraser v5.3 32-bit for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/ME/XP/2003 safely and completely
deletes sensitive data by securely overwriting it with unrecoverable patterns:
http://www.tolvanen.com/eraser/
Direct download [751 KB, free GPL]:
http://download.sourceforge.net/eraser/eraser53.zip

IMPORTANT: Run ANY DOS based partitioning/formatting tool ONLY from the
native/real/true MS-DOS mode OUTSIDE Windows GUI, NOT from a DOS
box/session/window INSIDE Windows, even full screen!

* 3rd party disk partitioning tools that provide support for FAT32X (retail):
- Partition Magic v8.0:
http://www.powerquest.com/partitionmagic/
- Partition Commander v8.0 (includes System Commander Personal Edition):
http://www.v-com.com/product/pc8_ind.html
FAT32/FAT32X partitions are NOT compatible with Microsoft's Drvspace/Dblspace
compression scheme! The ONLY disk compression tool that recognizes (but does
NOT compress) FAT32/FAT32X partitions/disks is included on the MS Windows
98/ME Setup cd-roms!
So far there is NO disk compression scheme (software) able to compress/double
FAT32/FAT32X partitions.

* Microsoft FAT32 Evaluation Tool [part of Windows 98 Resource Kit] included
on the MS Windows 98 Setup CD-ROM works also with Windows 95B/95C OSR 2.x, 98
SP1, 98 SE(U) and ME [97 KB, free]:
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/services/technet/samples/ps/win98/reskit/config/FAT32WIN.EXE
Shows all your drives/partitions specs, sizes and the disk space saved should
you decide to convert existing FAT16 partition(s)/disk(s) to FAT32.

UPDATE:
"Thanks for the FAT32 analysis - very comprehensive and understandable. I have
only one suggestion: You might consider a mention of users with Compressed
Hard Drives who cannot use FAT32 and for whom Partition Magic is of little
use. Of course, this applies to older machines with their small hard drives,
but I read that the average age of PCs in use is about 3 years with many
machines well past the 5 year mark. Many of these probably can't or don't run
Win9x for various reasons, but for those that do, the substitute to FAT32 is
DriveSpace which comes with Microsoft Plus! for Win95 [the Desktop Themes and
Pinball game are just space wasting fluff to those with small hard drives].
As a result of using DriveSpace [on a 250 MB hard drive] the cluster size on
C: is 8,192 bytes and on H: [the C: Host drive] is 4,096 bytes. The other
caveat: minimize cluster waste by deleting unused files, zip several files
together if appropriate and send files/programs off to portable drives if
possible. If stuck with a small hard drive, apply a "worthy to keep" test to
every file that is added."
[Thank you Ojatex (Ojatex@aol.com)!]

Below are detailed ALL available FDISK parameters, including the UNDOCUMENTED
+ HIDDEN ones:



			FDISK.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS



WARNINGS:
- BACKUP ALL YOUR DATA TO A SAFE LOCATION FIRST!
- Use ALL FDISK.EXE command line switches with CAUTION, ONLY from native/real
MS-DOS mode, NOT from a Windows DOS box/session prompt, even full screen!


1. FDISK /FPRMT [Windows 95B OSR 2.0 + MS-DOS 7.10 and above ONLY]


FDISK /FPRMT bypasses the FDISK startup screen, but enables interactive
FAT16/FAT32 support. This can be used to force FDISK to create FAT32
partitions smaller than 512 MB, normally not possible by default.


2. FDISK x /PRI:n (/PRIO:n) /EXT:n /LOG:n (/LOGO:n) [MS-DOS 6.00 and above
ONLY]


FDISK x /PRI:n (or /PRIO:n) /EXT:n /LOG:n (or /LOGO:n) MUST be used together
for proper operation.
Meaning:
x = drive number: 1, 2, 3... etc. Drive 1 corresponds to the 1st hard disk
installed (C), drive 2 to second hard disk (D)... etc.
/PRI:n = creates a primary partition of size n (in MegaBytes) and makes it
bootable (active).
/PRIO:n = creates a primary partition of size n (in MegaBytes) and makes it
bootable (active) while overriding FAT16/FAT32.
/EXT:n = creates an extended partition of size n (in MegaBytes) which holds
logical partition(s).
/LOG:n = creates a logical drive in the extended partition of size n (in
MegaBytes).
/LOGO:n = creates a logical drive in the extended partition of size n (in
MegaBytes) while overriding FAT16/FAT32.
If using FAT16 maximum size allowed is 2,047 MB (2 GigaBytes).
If using FAT32 maximum size allowed is 2,047 GB (2 TeraBytes).
NOTES:
- Maximum partition size MUST be equal to or smaller than existing free disk
space.
- /EXT:n and /LOG:n (or /LOGO:n) partition sizes MUST be identical.
- Only one FDISK "LOG" is allowed per EACH logical drive! Therefore on
computers with more than one logical drive you MUST run a separate FDISK x
/LOG:n (or /LOGO:n) command for EACH installed drive.
- ONLY IF using Windows 95B OSR 2.0 + MS-DOS 7.10 or newer: /PRI:n and
/LOG:n default to FAT32 on partitions larger than 512 MB, or to FAT16 on
partitions smaller than 512 MB. /PRIO:n and /LOGO:n default to FAT16 even
on partitions larger than 512 MB, same as older MS-DOS 5.00/6.xx FDISK.
- ONLY Windows 95B/95C OSR 2.x, 98, 98 SE(U), 2000, ME, XP and 2003 support
FAT32.
- Use /LOGO:n instead of /LOG:n and/or /PRIO:n instead of /PRI:n to ignore
FAT information in case of disk access errors.


3. FDISK /MBR [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /MBR recreates the boot sector of the first (bootable) hard disk
overwriting it with a fresh copy, by writing a new Master Boot Record (MBR)
based on existent disk structure, without altering the partition table
information.
Can be used to repair a damaged/corrupted MBR (i.e. by a virus).

FYI:
- Official MSKB info:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=69013
- Master Boot Records:
http://www.geocities.com/thestarman3/asm/mbr/MBR_in_detail.htm
- Partition Table, MBR + Drive Overlays:
http://powerjoe.tripod.com/MBR.html

WARNING:
Writing the master boot record to the hard disk in this manner can render
certain hard disks partitioned with SpeedStor unusable! It can also cause
problems for some dual-boot programs (including Windows 95), or for disks
with more than 4 partitions!

The DEFINITION of MBR:
During the bootup sequence, at the end of the ROM BIOS bootstrap routine,
the BIOS will read and execute the first physical sector of the first
available floppy or hard drive on the system. This sector is called the
Master Boot Record (MBR), or Master Boot Block (MBB), or Partition Table.
A small program is stored at the beginning of this sector and the partition
table is stored at the end of this sector. This program uses the available
partition information to determine which partition is bootable (usually the
first primary DOS/WIN partition) and attempts to boot from it.

NOTE: The largest partition MS-DOS beginning with release 5.00 and up to
Windows 95a OSR1 versions of FDISK can create/recognize is 2 GB (GigaBytes).
The 2 GB partition limit has been overcome by Microsoft (FINALLY!), beginning
with Windows 95B OSR 2.0. Named the FAT32 file system, it supports
partitions/drives up to 2 TB (TeraBytes).
Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 have their own 32-bit protected file system called
NTFS, INCOMPATIBLE with FAT32 or FAT16!


THE WINDOWS 95 AND 95a OSR1 "MBR REFRESH" BUG


There is a problem when installing a new hard drive on your system under
Windows 95 [original retail] or 95a OSR1 [upgraded with SP1].
If you upgraded from MS-DOS 5.00 (or earlier), your primary hard disk,
formatted under your old version of MS-DOS, contains the MBR (the Master Boot
Record, also called the boot sector) written by the hard disk formatting
utility (FDISK) provided with MS-DOS. When you add another hard disk under
Win95, you format and partition it with the Win95/OSR1 (MS-DOS 7.00) version
of FDISK.
This means that each drive was formatted and partitioned under a different OS.
Windows 95 WON'T RECOGNIZE YOUR DRIVE! There is nothing wrong, don't panic. :)
It's "just" another glitch in the OS, something Microsoft overlooked!
When a drive is formatted/partitioned under Win95/OSR1, the MBR tells the OS
that the drive is a Windows drive. If your drive was formatted/partitioned
under an earlier version of MS-DOS (3.0 - 6.22), the drive is recognized as an
MS-DOS drive.
All you have to do is refresh the MBR, by running FDISK (the Windows 95/95a
OSR1 version) with the UNDOCUMENTED /MBR switch (repairs a boot sector by
overwriting it with a fresh copy), on the old drive. Just run:
FDISK /MBR
The boot record (MBR) will be refreshed without reformatting the drive or
losing any data!
I presumed that your primary (old) hard disk has assigned the letter C (single
logical partition) and your new (secondary) hard disk is D (also with a single
logical partition). Change the drive letters if different on your system (and
if you have more than one partition per each hard disk).
This can be done ONLY from native/real MS-DOS mode, after you exit Win95/OSR1
to MS-DOS or when you boot with the "Command prompt only" option from the
Startup Menu. See this article for details:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/msdos.htm#MEN
If the Win95 OS doesn't recognize the new drive, then you can ONLY do this
after rebooting into the old MS-DOS version (using the dual-boot feature
implemented into Win95 OS). This means you need to have kept your old MS-DOS
6.xx files (including FDISK) on your primary (old) hard disk.
You also need to have kept the old drive as primary (master) and set the new
one as secondary (slave).
Reboot your system when done. Your (newly installed) hard drive should be
recognized by the OS from now on.
Now you can change the new drive to "master" (primary boot drive) and setup
the old one as "slave", especially if the new one is faster.
Sounds pretty complicated, but you may have to do this some day, and it's
better than reformatting the entire drive, and losing precious data.
There is still another way to refresh/fix the MBR: run the Windows Scandisk
tool (C:\Windows\Scandskw.exe) on ALL hard drives on your system. It will
automatically refresh the MBR, as needed, if the MBR is damaged.
A MUST:
Install Microsoft Windows 95 and 95a OSR1 LBA and INT13 IDE Hard Disk Data
Loss DISKTSD.VXD Fix:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=148821
DSKTSUPD.EXE [147 KB]:
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/softlib/mslfiles/DSKTSUPD.EXE
More info:
http://www.firmware.com/support/bios/w95partn.htm

NOTE: The "MBR BUG" does NOT affect Windows 95B/95C OSR 2.x, 98/98 SE(U) or
ME.

FYI:
Partition Magic by Powerquest:
http://www.powerquest.com/partitionmagic/
overcomes the above Windows 95/OSR1 limitation, and makes ANY hard drive
compatible with ANY Microsoft operating system and ANY FAT system (and much
more). Retails for $30-60 at most computer stores. IMHO it's worth every
penny, it saved my "computing life" more than once! :)
Partition Magic supports OSR2/Win98/98 SE/ME FAT32/FAT32X and WinNT/2000/XP
32-bit NTFS file system standards.


4. FDISK /Q [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /Q prevents rebooting the computer automatically after altering the
partition information by using FDISK with other parameters.


5. FDISK /STATUS [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /STATUS displays a screen similar to using FDISK's option 4: "Partition
information", but shows also extended partition information (if any).


6. FDISK /X [Windows 95 + MS-DOS 7.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /X limits disk access to a total of 8.4 GB even on larger physical
drives, even if the BIOS supports INT13h extensions for hard disks over 8.4
GB, thus preventing the use of 0E and 0F partition types, by ignoring LBA
(Logical Block Addressing) and extended disk information.
This makes possible disk partitioning on computers with older BIOSes without
support for hard disks larger than 8.4 GB.
Use /X to start FDISK if you receive disk access, stack overflow and/or data
corruption error messages.


7. FDISK /ACTOK [Windows 95B OSR 2.0 + MS-DOS 7.10 and above ONLY]


FDISK /ACTOK skips disk integrity checking, thus speeding up the partitioning
process.


8. FDISK /CMBR x [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /CMBR x MUST be used together for proper operation. Recreates the boot
sector of the second, third... etc hard disk(s) (if any) overwriting it (them)
with a fresh copy, by writing a new Master Boot Record (MBR) based on existent
disk structure, without altering the partition table information.
Valid values for x:
- 1 = first (bootable) physical hard disk (same as using FDISK /MBR):
FDISK /CMBR 1
- 2 = second (not bootable) physical hard disk (if any):
FDISK /CMBR 2
- 3 = third (not bootable) physical hard disk (if any):
FDISK /CMBR 3
- ... etc.
Can be used to repair a damaged/corrupted MBR (i.e. by a virus).


9. FDISK /PARTN [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /PARTN saves the partition information to a plain text file called
PARTSAV.FIL, which can be viewed afterwards using any text editor/viewer, like
EDIT.COM in DOS or Notepad in Windows.


10. FDISK /PRMT [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


FDISK /PRMT adds extra prompt ["nagging" :)] screens which require user input
(key press) before proceeding further.



			FORMAT.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS



FORMAT.COM is an external MS-DOS command, located by default in
%winbootdir%\COMMAND (default is C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND) [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a.
MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00] or in the MS-DOS 6.xx directory (default is C:\DOS or
C:\MSDOS) [MS-DOS 6.00 - 6.22].
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the FORMAT.COM command line switches (the
documented ones anyway), run one of these commands from any DOS prompt:
FORMAT /?
or:
HELP FORMAT
to display the FORMAT.COM help screen.


1. FORMAT drive: /AUTOTEST [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /AUTOTEST checks for the existing format of your disk, unless
the /U (UNCONDITIONAL) parameter is also used [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY],
and then proceeds with an UNATTENDED DISK(ETTE) FORMAT:
- DOES NOT prompt for a volume label!
- DOES NOT prompt to format another disk(ette)!
- NO delay: NO user intervention!
- Ends WITHOUT pausing!
After completion, it DOES display disk space statistics.
WARNING: This works on BOTH hard and floppy drives!


2. FORMAT drive: /BACKUP [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /BACKUP works exactly like /AUTOTEST, applies ONLY to floppy
diskettes, but it DOES prompt the user for a volume label, and it DOES display
disk space information upon completion.


3. FORMAT drive: /SELECT [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /SELECT is similar to using the MIRROR command [a MS-DOS 5.00
and earlier ONLY utility, removed from all MS-DOS releases beginning with
6.00], and reads the disk(ette) system area (sector 0).
In MS-DOS 4.0 FORMAT /SELECT has the same effect as FORMAT /BACKUP.
[Thank you William (wlevak@cyberspace.org)!]


4. FORMAT drive: /U [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /U performs an UNCONDITIONAL format, which DESTROYS every byte
of data on ANY hard disk/floppy by overwriting it with zeroes (hex F6h).
WARNING: ANY disk(ette) formatted using /U canNOT be UNFORMATTED!


5. FORMAT drive: /SELECT /U [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /SELECT /U makes a disk(ette) UNREADABLE by filling the system
area (sector 0) with zeroes (hex F6h), due to using these two incompatible
options together. All other sectors are left intact.
[Thank you William (wlevak@cyberspace.org)!]
WARNING: NEVER use these two FORMAT switches TOGETHER on ANY drive!


6. FORMAT drive: /Z:n [Windows 95B OSR 2.0 + MS-DOS 7.10 and above ONLY]


FORMAT drive: /Z:n formats a FAT32 drive with a cluster size of n times 512
Bytes. Meaning:
drive: = your hard drive letter: C:, D:, E:... etc.
n = number of sectors per cluster multiplied by 512 (cluster size in Bytes).
Examples:
n = 1	creates a 512 Bytes cluster;
n = 2	creates a 1024 Bytes (1 KB) cluster;
n = ?	creates a ? x 512 = ???? Bytes (???? bytes : 1024 = ? KB) cluster.
You can modify the size of the allocation units (sectors) on a FAT32 drive to
your heart desire.
WARNING: It is NOT recommended to change the default cluster size, because
some programs such as disk-repair/anti-virus tools may STOP working properly!



			HIMEM.SYS HIDDEN PARAMETERS



HIMEM.SYS is the Microsoft high/upper/extended memory manager, located by
default in C:\WINDOWS [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00], C:\DOS
or C:\MSDOS [MS-DOS 5.00/6.xx].
MS Windows (ANY release) canNOT start without HIMEM.SYS loaded!
HIMEM.SYS can be loaded ONLY in CONFIG.SYS using the DEVICE command. Example:
DEVICE=drive:\path\HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:OFF /Q
HIMEM.SYS's DEVICE line MUST appear in Config.sys before ANY other device
drivers loaded with DEVICE, DEVICEHIGH, INSTALL or INSTALLHIGH, including
EMM386.EXE.
HIMEM.SYS provides access to the High Memory Area (HMA), Upper Memory Area
(UMA) and coordinates the use of the computer's extended memory, so that no
two programs or device drivers use the same memory area at the same time.
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the HIMEM.SYS command line switches (the
documented ones anyway):
- Windows 95/98/ME users: use Notepad to read the "HIMEM.SYS" topic in
MSDOSDRV.TXT, a text file located in your Windows folder.
- MS-DOS 6.xx users: run this command from any DOS prompt:
HELP HIMEM.SYS
and read the topic.
- See also the HIMEM.SYS related topics in MEMORY.TXT + EMM386.TXT (both
included).


DEVICE=drive:\path\HIMEM.SYS /Q [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


HIMEM.SYS /Q (QUIET) disables the display of HIMEM.SYS loading status during
bootup. Only error messages will be shown, IF the Logo=0 line exists in
MSDOS.SYS, under the [Options] section, valid ONLY for Windows 95/98/ME OS.
This switch is valid ONLY for HIMEM.SYS versions 3.10 [MS-DOS 6.00 - 6.22] up
to 3.95 [MS Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a. MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00].
Example:
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS /Q



			MEM.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS



MEM.EXE is an external MS-DOS command, located by default in
%winbootdir%\COMMAND (default is C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND) [Windows 95/98/ME, a.k.a.
MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00] or in the MS-DOS 6.xx directory (default is C:\DOS or
C:\MSDOS) [MS-DOS 6.00 - 6.22].
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the MEM.EXE command line switches (the
documented ones anyway), run one of these commands from any DOS prompt:
MEM /?
or:
HELP MEM
to display the MEM.EXE help screen.


MEM /A [MS-DOS 6.00 and above ONLY]


MEM /A (ALL) displays a short summary screen of your memory configuration and
also the status of the HMA.
HMA (High Memory Area) is a little known 64 KB area just above the first
MegaByte (1 MB = 1,024 KB = 1,048,576 Bytes) of RAM as mapped by Microsoft
HIMEM.SYS memory manager or another 3rd party upper/extended/expanded memory
manager, like Quarterdeck QEMM386, Helix NetRoom RM386, Qualitas 386MAX,
Lineo DR-DOS EMM386 etc.
Part of the DOS resident module and DOS BUFFERS usually load into the HMA,
ONLY IF this memory region is free at bootup.
Example of MEM /A output display (only the HMA info shown here):

"Available space in High Memory Area	1K	(944 bytes)
MS-DOS is resident in the high memory area."

To display all available memory configuration at a DOS prompt, run:
MEM /A /C /P
or if you prefer technical details (conventional/upper memory regions map and
exact hex addresses where all loaded devices/drivers/TSRs reside), run:
MEM /D /P
NOTE: High DOS is enabled by this CONFIG.SYS line (the "HIGH" switch):
DOS=HIGH,UMB



			  VER HIDDEN PARAMETERS



VER is an internal MS-DOS command, built into COMMAND.COM. An actual file does
not exist.
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the VER command line switch (the documented
one anyway), run one of these commands from any DOS prompt:
VER /?
or:
HELP VER
valid for all MS-DOS 6.xx and Windows 95/98/ME users.


VER /R [MS-DOS 5.00 and above ONLY]


VER /R (REVISION) displays extended DOS info: the DOS revision and the memory
location of the DOS module, in addition to using the plain VER command.
Example of screen output for plain VER command (using Win98 SE + MS-DOS
7.10):

"Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]"

Example of screen output for VER /R command (using Win98 SE + MS-DOS 7.10):

"Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]
Revision A
DOS is in HMA"



			WIN.COM HIDDEN PARAMETERS



WIN.COM is the Windows GUI (Graphical User Interface) command line executable
located in %winbootdir% (default is C:\WINDOWS).
IMPORTANT: To become familiar with the WIN.COM command line parameters (the
documented ones anyway):
- Run:
WIN /?
from any DOS prompt, to display the WIN.COM help screen.
- See the "Windows 95/98 WIN.COM Command Line Switches" MSKB article:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=142544
- See the "Windows 3.1 WIN.COM Command Switches" MSKB article:
http://support.microsoft.com/?id=82731
- See these related topics, all part of W95-11D.EXE:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/95.htm
	- "WIN.COM SWITCHES" in MYTIPS95.TXT.
	- "CORRUPTED WIN.COM" in TIPS95.TXT.
	- "BLANK WIN.COM" in MYTIPS95.TXT.
FYI: Microsoft removed ALL undocumented WIN.COM switches detailed below from
Windows Millennium Edition (ME)!


1. WIN /MQ [Windows 95B OSR 2.1 and above ONLY]


WIN /MQ automatically restarts the computer (soft reboot), without prompting
or waiting for input (key press). This is similar to Quarterdeck QEMM's
QuickBoot, which calls INT19h to reboot almost instantaneously (VERY FAST!)
without performing any BIOS/CMOS hardware or OS/software checking.
CAUTION:
This fast reboot routine may generate error messages and/or lockups!
This switch works ONLY IF executed from the native/real/true MS-DOS mode
OUTSIDE the Windows 95/98 GUI, NOT from WITHIN Windows in a DOS box/session.
This DOS secret suggested by phish.


2. WIN /W [Windows 95 and above ONLY]


WIN /W generates this message:

"Press any key to continue...
Pressing a key reboots the system back to Windows 95 (98)."

waiting for user input (key press), and then restarts the computer (warm
reboot), restoring the original CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files in the root
directory of the boot drive from CONFIG.WOS and AUTOEXEC.WOS (if any).
This is useful when the computer is restarted after interrupting a "single"
mode MS-DOS session, because of this CONFIG.SYS line:
DOS=SINGLE
which does NOT allow Windows 95/98 GUI to load.
This switch works ONLY IF executed from the native/real/true MS-DOS mode
OUTSIDE the Windows 95/98 GUI, NOT from WITHIN Windows in a DOS box/session.
NOTES:
1. The .WOS files are created when you run a DOS based program that requires a
separate MS-DOS reboot setup (in "single" mode), and you have selected the
"Specify a new MS-DOS configuration" check box in the PIF file Properties tab.
2. For more details see "MS-DOS PROMPT" in MYTIPS95.TXT [part of W95-11D.EXE]:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/95.htm


3. WIN /WX [Windows 95 and above ONLY]


WIN /WX automatically restarts the computer (warm reboot), without prompting
or waiting for input (key press), and restores the original CONFIG.SYS and
AUTOEXEC.BAT files in the root directory of the boot drive from CONFIG.WOS and
AUTOEXEC.WOS (if any). This is useful when the computer is restarted after
interrupting a "single" mode MS-DOS session, because of this CONFIG.SYS line:
DOS=SINGLE
which does NOT allow Windows 95/98 GUI to load.
This switch works ONLY IF executed from the native/real/true MS-DOS mode
OUTSIDE the Windows 95/98 GUI, NOT from WITHIN Windows in a DOS box/session.
NOTES:
1. The .WOS files are created when you run a DOS based program that requires a
separate MS-DOS reboot setup (in "single" mode), and you have selected the
"Specify a new MS-DOS configuration" check box in the PIF file Properties tab.
2. For more details see "MS-DOS PROMPT" in MYTIPS95.TXT [part of W95-11D.EXE]:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/95.htm


4. WIN /Z [Windows 95B OSR 2.1 and above ONLY]


WIN /Z automatically forces the ATX power supply to (soft-)power off the
computer ONLY on ATX motherboards, without prompting or waiting for input (key
press).
This switch works ONLY IF executed from the native/real/true MS-DOS mode
OUTSIDE the Windows GUI, NOT from WITHIN Windows in a DOS prompt/box/session.
This DOS secret suggested by Shaminda (shaminda@asia.com).


5. WIN : [Windows 3.xx + WfWG 3.1x ONLY]


WIN : starts Windows 3.xx or Windows for WorkGroups 3.1x WITHOUT displaying
the startup logo (RLE encoded, 16 colors).
This switch works ONLY IF executed from the native/real/true MS-DOS mode
OUTSIDE the Windows/WfWG GUI, NOT from WITHIN Windows/WfWG in a DOS
prompt/box/session.
CAUTION: This switch may cause sudden lockups with some older video
controllers!
NOTE: To learn about another (SAFE) method of starting Windows/WfWG 3.1x
without a logo, read NEWLOGO.TXT [part of W31-11D.ZIP]:
http://members.aol.com/axcel216/31.htm