;SNMP.TXT
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-- ATI BUILDING BLOCK FOR PATHWAY FROM WOLLONGONG TOOLS --
-------------------------------------------------------------
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-- Contents --
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I. Using the MIB Variables to Manage your Network
II. Working with the SNMP Agent
III. Activating the SNMP Agent
IV. MIB Variables
V. Managing the Network
VI. Viewing the MIB Variables
VII. Troubleshooting with STAT or WINSTAT
VIII. Using PING/WINPING to Determine the Status of a Network Host
IX. Troubleshooting Installation
I. Using the MIB Variables to Manage your Network
=================================================
Building Block provides tools that help you manage your PC, the
network, and the host systems on that network. These tools
enable you to analyze Management Information Base (MIB) variables,
which define the state of your network. These variables include
configuration information about the host such as the IP address,
transmit and receive statistics, and information regarding the
TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, and ARP protocols. These MIB variables are
defined in RFC 1213 and are accessed by the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) agent.
SNMP is defined in RFC 1157, which can be obtained by anonymous
FTP from the address ftp.nisc.sri.com (192.33.33.22).
This section describes the TCP/IP network management tools that
use SNMP:
1. The SNMP agent enables an SNMP management station
to manage the host on your network.
2. STAT enables you to access MIB variables
locally; you can use these variables for
troubleshooting purposes, as described in the later
section "Troubleshooting with the MIB variables".
The Windows version of STAT is WINSTAT.
3. PING is a diagnostic tool used to test TCP/IP
configurations and to diagnose connection failures.
The Windows version of PING is WINPING. The DOS version
cannot be run from within Windows.
II. Working with the SNMP Agent
===============================
The management station analyzes and monitors the activities on
your PC and other hosts on the network.
To enable a management station to manage a host on a network, the
host must be running the SNMP agent. This SNMP agent responds to
status queries from the SNMP station.
III. Activating the SNMP Agent
==============================
The SNMP agent is activated by the SNMP.EXE command. It is added
to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file during the installation process.
After you have activated the SNMP agent, a management station on
another host can request data from your PC.
IV. MIB Variables
=================
Building Block can set the following MIB variables:
ipDefaultTTL
snmpEnableAuthenTraps
The SNMP Community name is hard-coded in the SNMP agent, and the
following Community names can be used:
private
proxy
regional
core
The only SNMP Trap messages that are supported are the
Authentication failure Trap and the Cold Start Trap. When you
install or configure Building Block, the ATI installation software
asks for the IP address of an SNMP management station. This
station is where the traps will be sent.
Authentication Failure trap: If an SNMP station attempts to use an
illegal Community name, an authenticationFailure(4) trap will be
sent to the SNMP station defined in the setup program. Moreover,
this trap contains a variable in its varbind-list whose value
identifies the IP address of the offending station.
Cold Start trap: Prime the ARP cache before starting snmp.exe in
order for the driver to not use the SNMP trap packet for the ARP
request. This can be accomplished with the following line in the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file:
ping -n 1 SNMP-station
where SNMP-station is the IP address, hostname, or alias of the
SNMP Management station to which traps are sent.
V. Managing the Network
=======================
SNMP is the recommended Internet standard for performing network
management on TCP/IP networks. It uses two applications to perform
its collection, monitoring, and analysis functions:
1. The management station, running management software
from Wollongong or others, that is used to display,
request, and set information.
2. Agents such as Building Block within the individual
devices (routers, gateways, networked computers) that
collect data and interact with the management station.
For example, if you want to display a graph showing how many IP
packets were received by a particular host, you type in the
request to the management software at the management station. The
management station sends a request to the agent on the host to
collect the information and send it back. When the management
station receives the data, it shows the data on the screen. More
than 100 variables can be managed from the management station.
This set of variables is called Management Information Base (MIB).
The network administrator can manage the network by monitoring the
counters, and changing parameters and status variables in the MIB.
VI. Viewing the MIB Variables
=============================
The STAT program lets you access the MIB variables from your PC.
It lets you query the status of basic system elements, such as
connections to foreign hosts.
STAT gives you access to the ten groups of statistics. These
statistics can be used to identify problems with these basic
system elements:
Local network hardware interface
IP, ARP, TCP, routing, and other network functions
Foreign hosts
Using STAT or WINSTAT to view the MIB variables
-----------------------------------------------
To use WINSTAT, you must first set-up the program icon. From
Windows "Program Manager" select "File", "New", "Program Item".
Type the path to your Building Block files as follows:
C:\ATI\WINSTAT.EXE.
Each of the available MIB variables can be selected by clicking
the appropriate button.
To use STAT, you must be at a DOS prompt. By typing STAT the
following table will be presented for your choice.
PathWay for DOS--Statistics
(C) Copyright 1986-1992 The Wollongong Group- All rights reserved
Enter MIB group or table you wish to view:
1) System group
2) Interface group
3) ARP group
4) IP group
5) routing table
6) ICMP group
7) TCP group
8) TCP connection table
9) UDP group
0) queue statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------------
To display one of the groups listed in the screen above, type the
number of the group you want to view.
You can also view the MIB statistics about one of the MIB groups.
Type:
C:\ATI> stat n
where n is the number of the group about which you want
statistics.
VII. Troubleshooting with STAT or WINSTAT
=========================================
This section describes the MIB statistics for each of the groups
displayed in the STAT screen, the MIB variable groups. It gives
examples of how each of the MIB variable groups can be used for
troubleshooting.
System Group
------------
The System group gives basic information about the PC and the
TCP/IP software on the PC, as the following screen demonstrates.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PathWay for DOS -- Statistics
(C) Copyright 1986-1992 The Wollongong Group- All rights reserved
System description is : Wollongong TCP/IP for DOS -- (Version 3.0)
System identifier is : 1.3.6.1.4.1.6.7
System has been up : 799 seconds.
------------------------------------------------------------------
The system identifier is the ASN.1 encoding for the Building Block
product. The system up time tells you how long the system has
been up. This value is reset when the driver is loaded into the
memory.
Interface Group
---------------
The Interface Group statistics provide information about the
network interface card in the PC, as shown in the following
screen.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PathWay for DOS -- Statistics
(C) Copyright 1986-1992 The Wollongong Group- All rights reserved
MIB interface group variables for
Wollongong ODI TWGDRVR
Interface number 1, type 6 at physical address 0000.c0e5.321c
MTU is 1500, Speed is 10000000 bits/sec, Operational status is UP
Receive: 7396 Bytes 0 broadcast pkts, 218 unicast pkts
Errors : 0 Type 0 discarded, 0 hardware
Send : 0 Bytes 0 broadcast pkts, 0 unicast pkts
Errors : 0 discarded, 0 hardware
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The screen information includes the following static information
pertaining to the interface:
-The name of the network interface driver
-The network type (Ethernet, Token Ring)
-The physical address of the network interface
-The IP Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) for the network interface
-The speed of the underlying network medium in bits per second
The following statistics for the receive and send functions of the
network interface are also displayed:
-Total amount of data, in bytes
-Total number of broadcast packets, unicast packets, and
discarded packets
-Total number of type errors
-Total number of hardware errors detected
Here are some guidelines for using the Interface Group statistics
to solve problems:
-If the physical address field is blank (all zeros), the
initialization of the network interface has failed (except for
the SLIP interface). For the NDIS interface, this means that
no binding has taken place; that is, the NETBIND or PWBIND
programs have not been executed.
-If the send/receive statistics show that no packets have been
received, one of the following conditions could be the cause:
-The wrong interrupt is listed on either the NDIS
or ODI line in the AUTOEXEC.BAT.
-The network interface card may be connected to the
wrong cable
-The cable may be loose or not functioning
-If there is a large number of hardware errors, the
network interface card may not be functioning correctly.
-If the display shows a large number of discarded
packets, use the SETUP15 or SETUP17 to modify the
installation and increase the number of packet buffers.
The fact that many packets are being discarded is not in itself a
reason for concern. The Building Block drivers discard packets
that are not IP packets, so many packets are typically discarded
in a large, heterogeneous network. However, packets are also
discarded when there are insufficient resources to store them. If
this is the case, increasing the number of packet buffers will
help.
ARP Group
---------
The ARP group lists the Internet addresses that have been resolved
to physical addresses since the device driver for the TCP/IP
software has been loaded (for example, since the PC has been
rebooted).
To translate network addresses into physical addresses, a standard
called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used by most hosts.
For instance, when you installed your ATI Ethernet adapter card,
its 48-bit Ethernet address was fixed by a label to the card. The
address will have six integers separated by commas. For example,
the card might show the numbers 00,00,F4,14,35,12. The first
three integers identify the manufacturer of the card. The last
three identify the particular card.
Because Ethernet does not understand Internet 32-bit addresses,
ARP must resolve IP addresses to physical addresses. As long as
the host you are addressing has ARP, it can recognize its own 32-
bit Internet address and translate it to its 48-bit Ethernet
address. In the rare instance that a host does not use ARP, it
will not respond with its own physical address.
ARP resolves an Internet address to the physical address of a
network interface card in a PC. The following screen shows an
example of an ARP group display.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
IP address 129.84.3.88 resolved to aa00.0400.0330 on interface 1.
IP address 129.84.3.62 resolved to 0800.2000.76ec on interface 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
If the host you want to access does not use ARP, Building Block
permits you to make the address translations for the host. Use the
Network to Physical Address Translation Cache feature to assign
Internet addresses to the Ethernet host. The translation cache
performs the function of ARP.
You can use this group to make sure no two PCs on your network are
using the same Internet address. Recall that Internet addresses
uniquely identify each host running TCP/IP software. While
Internet addresses can change depending on the location of a host,
physical addresses are ROM encoded. To verify that a specific IP
address has not been duplicated:
1. As the Network administrator, you need to know the physical
addresses of all the hosts on your network and the
corresponding IP addresses.
2. Deallocate the TCP/IP kernel on the PC whose IP address you
believe has been duplicated by typing C:\ATI\PWTCPRM.
3. Go to a remote host and PING the host whose IP address you
believe has been duplicated.
4. Remain at the host from which you PINGed and display the ARP
group by typing STAT 3.
5. If the physical address for the host is different from its
assigned IP address, determine what IP address the indicated
physical address should have.
When you identify the physical address for the host, you can
track down the location of the host that was wrongly assigned
the duplicate IP address.
IP Group
--------
The IP Group display provides information about Internet Protocol
(IP)-related parameters. In addition to displaying configurable
information such as the IP address, network mask, default
gateway's IP address, and the broadcast address bit, the IP Group
display also shows send and receive statistics at the IP level.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
129.84.3.140 is the IP address of interface 1.
255.255.255.0 is the network mask, 0 is the broadcast address bit
This IP host does not support routing.
Default Time to live is 255, reassembly timeout is 60 seconds
IP recv stats: 54192 packets, 0 routed, 51519 delivered
err: 0 plus 11 header, 2662 addressing, 0 protocol
Reassembly stats: 0 requests, 0 successes, 725 failures
IP send stats: 5161 packets, 0 unroutable, 0 discards
Fragment stats: 0 requests, 0 successes, 0 failures
-----------------------------------------------------------------
To modify the IP parameters use the SETUP15 or SETUP17 and select
modify instead of install.
NOTE: The modify process will make changes to your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Refer to the SIMPLE.TXT file for
file configurations. If you are using Windows for
Workgroups it will be necessary to edit the AUTOEXEC.BAT
file.
Routing Statistics
------------------
The Routing statistics display shows any ICMP redirect messages
your PC might have received. That is, it tells the host that any
traffic meant for a particular host should be redirected to
another gateway, and gives the address of that gateway. (See the
following screen.)
-----------------------------------------------------------
3 routes currently in route table, 32 free entries
129.84.7.0 routed to 129.84.3.3 via interface 1
129.84.2.0 routed to 129.84.3.2 via interface 1
88.0.0.0 routed to 129.84.3.82 via interface 2
-----------------------------------------------------------
If you have routing software on the PC, the above screen shows the
routes that have been set.
ICMP Group
----------
The ICMP Group statistics indicate whether ICMP packets are being
sent and received correctly. (See the following screen.)
---------------------------------------------------------------
ICMP messages: 3 sent, 2 received.
destination unreachable: 0 sent, 0 received.
Time exceeded: 0 sent, 0 received.
parameter problems: 0 sent, 0 received.
source quenches: 0 sent, 0 received.
redirects: 0 sent, 0 received.
echo requests: 3 sent, 0 received.
echo replies: 0 sent, 2 received.
timestamp requests: 0 sent, 0 received.
timestamp replies: 0 sent, 0 received.
timestamp replies: 0 sent, 0 received.
address mask request: 0 sent, 0 received.
address mask replies: 0 sent, 0 received.
ICMP packet errors: 0 sent, 0 received.
----------------------------------------------------------------
ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. Statistics for
the parameters shown above appear when your PC sends an
ECHO_REPLY or receives an ECHO_REQUEST.
TCP Group
---------
The TCP Group statistics show how many TCP connections are
currently active. (See the following screen.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
Round trip algorithm is type 1, rto is from 110- 16500 msecs.
8 tcp connections actively opened, 5 passively, 2 reset.
4979 tcp segments have been sent, 3537 received, 204 retrans.
----------------------------------------------------------------
This is only applicable if you are using additional software from
Wollongong. A TCP connection requires either FTP or TELNET.
UDP Group
---------
The UDP group statistics show any UDP activity on the PC or on the
network. (See the following screen.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PathWay for DOS -- Statistics
(C) Copyright 1986-1992 The Wollongong Group- All rights reserved
UDP statistics: 0 datagrams received, 0 datagrams sent.
24 to an unknown port, 0 received in error.
0 UDP listen currently active, 7 free.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The UDP Group shows the number of UDP datagrams sent and received,
the number of datagrams received in error, and the number of
datagrams sent to an unknown port. The unknown port field usually
indicates datagrams used for the rwho program.
Queue Statistics
----------------
While not part of the Management Information Base, the queue
statistics show the number of packet buffers maintained or
"queued" in the TCP/IP kernel buffer queues.
The screen below shows a typical example of a queue statistics
display. This display shows the current (len), the smallest (min)
and largest (max) amount of memory used by each of the queues.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PathWay for DOS -- Statistics (Version 2.1)
(C) Copyright 1986-1992 The Wollongong Group- All rights reserved
InputQ len: 0 min: 0 max: 1
BigFreeQ len: 6 min: 5 max: 6
SmallFreeQ len: 12 min: 10 max: 12
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The fields in this screen have the following meanings:
InputQ All incoming packets received from the device
driver are placed here.
BigFreeQ Free memory for packet buffers. To increase the
size of this Queue, increase the number of large
packet buffers using the Extended parameters in
the Building Block for DOS Setup Program
SmallFreeQ Free memory for packet buffers. The
"SmallFreeQ len" field value is always six
greater than the BigFreeQ len field.
len The number of packets currently in one of the
three queues.
min The smallest number of buffer entries the queue
ever had since the TCP/IP kernel was last loaded
into memory. It is not unusual to see a zero
value.
max The largest number of buffer entries the queue
ever had since the TCP/IP kernel was last loaded
into memory.
VIII. Using PING/WINPING to Determine the Status of a Network Host
==================================================================
PING and WINPING are Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo
request programs that can be used from a PC to help determine the
operating status of a specific host on a network. You start the
PING program by entering the PING command at the DOS prompt. You
cannot run the DOS PING from a DOS Window. To use the WINPING
utility, you must first set up the icon. From Program Manager
select "File", "New", "Program Item". Under the "command line"
type:
C:\ATI\WINPING.EXE.
PING and WINPING send an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST datagram to the
selected host and listens for an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE datagram in
response. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (pings) consist of an Internet
Protocol (IP) header, an ICMP header, a time stamp and a
selectable number of padding bytes used to fill out the datagram.
The default datagram length is 64 bytes.
PING and WINPING are useful tools for determining if your PC and
other hosts on your network are functioning. It is intended as a
tool for network testing and management.
When using PING or WINPING to isolate problems on the network, you
should first ping your workstation to verify that the TCP/IP
transport has been loaded properly. Then a host on your local
network to verify that your network interface card is functioning.
Next you would PING your default gateway, and then remote hosts.
Sending a PING message (no options)
-----------------------------------
To PING a remote host without options, type:
C:\ATI> ping hostname
Where hostname is the official hostname, alias, or IP address of a
host. If the host responds to the PING, a screen similar to the
following appears.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PathWay for DOS - ICMP Echo program (Version 3.0)
(C) Copyright 1986-92 by The Wollongong Group-All rights reserved
PING 89.0.0.253(89.0.0.253): 64 data bytes.
ICMP send sequence 1: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #1.
ICMP send sequence 2: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 3: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 4: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 5: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 6: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 7: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 8: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 9: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 10: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
89.0.0.253 PING Statistics
10 packets transmitted, 9 packets received 10% packet loss
Round-trip (tick) min/avg/max=0/1/2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In this example, your PC sends a series if ECHO_REQUEST datagrams
to hostname and listens for the corresponding ECHO_RESPONSE
datagrams from hostname. The series of messages continues until
you terminate PING by pressing any key. If a hostname returns a
positive reply, you will receive the messages shown in the screen
above.
If the remote host does not respond, a screen similar to the
following appears.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PING 89.0.0.253(89.0.0.253): 64 data bytes.
ICMP send sequence 1: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #1.
ICMP send sequence 2: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #2.
ICMP send sequence 3: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #3.
ICMP send sequence 4: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #4.
ICMP send sequence 5: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #5.
ICMP send sequence 6: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #6.
ICMP send sequence 7: receive no ICMP reply on sequence #7.
89.0.0.253 PING Statistics
7 packets transmitted, 0 packets received 100% packet loss
89.0.0.253 not responding
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In this case, if an IP address is used, the host may be down,
there may be bad cabling, or your network card is not functioning.
If a hostname is used, then the HOSTS file may be incorrect. Try
the PING command again with the IP address. If there is a
response, you will need to edit the HOSTS file.
Sending a PING with options
---------------------------
The full format of the PING command is:
C:\ATI> ping hostname [-s] [-z data size]
[-n packets] [-t time] [-o timeout] [-i interval]
To display the available PING options on your PC, type ping and
press Enter.
This list describes the options:
-s The ping sends ECHO_REQUEST datagrams to the
selected remote host until you press a key on
your keyboard. This is the default.
-zdatasize Enables you to specify the number of bytes sent
in each ECHO_REQUEST datagram. The maximum
datasize value is 512 bytes. The default value
is 64 bytes.
-npackets Enables you to specify how many ECHO_REQUEST
datagrams, or packets, to send.
-ttime Enables you to specify, in seconds, the length of
time you want to send ICMP datagrams.
-0timeout Let you specify, in seconds, the length of time
you want your PC to listen for an ECHO_RESPONSE
datagram before it stops waiting and generates
a no reply message. The default is five seconds.
-iinterval Enables you to specify, in seconds, the length
of the interval between each ECHO_REQUEST
datagram transmitted. The default is one
second.
The ICMP-Echo-Program screen displays more detail when you use the
PING options. The options are valid only during a given PING
session. All the PING parameters revert to default settings after
a session is terminated.
-------------------------Example--------------------------
As an example of using PING with options, suppose you wanted to
send 10 ECHO_REQUEST datagrams to host hostname, with each
datagram being 512 bytes in length, and with an interval between
datagrams of five seconds. You would enter the following command:
C:\ATI> ping hostname -z 51 -n 10 -i 5
A positive response from hostname appears as shown in the
following screen.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PING 89.0.0.253(89.0.0.253): 512 data bytes.
ICMP send sequence 1: receive ICMP reply Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 2: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)i
ICMP send sequence 3: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 4: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 5: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 6: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 7: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 8: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 9: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
ICMP send sequence 10: receive ICMP reply. Time=0(tick)
89.0.0.253 PING Statistics
10 packets transmitted, 9 packets received 0% packet loss
Round-trip (tick) min/avg/max=0/0/1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
On the fourth line, note the indication of the size of each
datagram (512 data bytes). A summary of the session statistics
appears at the bottom of the screen.
IX. Troubleshooting Installation
================================
This section describes the command line parameters for the
following files: PROTMAN.EXE, PWCONFIG.EXE, PWTCP.EXE, SNMP.EXE
NDIS.EXE, and ODI.EXE.
All of these files may be loaded in high memory. The installation
defaults to load them all in conventional memory. To load these
files in high memory, insert LH before the file name in the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
PWCONFIG.EXE
------------
pwconfig -n:65
The entry -n:65 describes the software interrupt.
PWTCP.EXE
---------
Loads the TCP/IP transport.
SNMP.EXE
--------
Loads the SNMP Agent.
NDIS.EXE
--------
ndis -i:15 -d:2
The -i:15 specifies the interrupt setting for the adapter card.
The -d:2 refers to the module number for the NDIS driver in the
PROTOCOL.INI file.
For example DriverName=AT1500$
ODI.EXE
-------
odi -i:15
The -i:15 specifies the interrupt setting for the adapter card.
**END**
Download Driver Pack
After your driver has been downloaded, follow these simple steps to install it.
Expand the archive file (if the download file is in zip or rar format).
If the expanded file has an .exe extension, double click it and follow the installation instructions.
Otherwise, open Device Manager by right-clicking the Start menu and selecting Device Manager.
Find the device and model you want to update in the device list.
Double-click on it to open the Properties dialog box.
From the Properties dialog box, select the Driver tab.
Click the Update Driver button, then follow the instructions.
Very important: You must reboot your system to ensure that any driver updates have taken effect.
For more help, visit our Driver Support section for step-by-step videos on how to install drivers for every file type.